Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention by Manning Marable
Author:Manning Marable [Marable, Manning]
Language: eng
Format: epub, mobi
Tags: Sample Book
ISBN: 9780143120322
Amazon: 0143120328
Publisher: Penguin Books
Published: 2011-12-28T00:00:00+00:00
Despite continuing threats, the Littles struggled to build a UNIA organization. On Sunday, May 8, 1926, the local branch held a meeting that featured “Mr. E. Little” as its principal speaker. In her role as secretary, Louise wrote, “This division is small but much alive to its part in carrying on the great work.” By the fall of 1926, however, they concluded that their community, beleaguered by Klan depredations, could not sustain a militant organization. The UNIA’s troubles nationally compounded their difficulties. The Justice Department had for years aggressively hounded UNIA leaders, and in 1923 Garvey had been convicted of mail fraud in connection with the financial dealings of his Black Star Line and given a five-year sentence. He spent the next two years exhausting his appeals before finally entering federal prison in Atlanta in February 1925. In many urban areas, especially in the Northeast, his imprisonment created major schisms and defections, but across the rural South and in the Midwest thousands continued to join the movement. Loyal Garveyites sent funds and letters of encouragement to local chapters and national offices, and made appeals to reverse Garvey’s conviction.
Louise and Earl and their four children soon moved on to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, an urban center with an expanding African-American community. Between 1923 and 1928, industries in the city were hiring hundreds of new workers, and blacks migrated there in droves. In 1923, the black residential population was estimated at five thousand; by the end of the decade, it had grown by 50 percent. Common laborers’ jobs paid up to seven dollars a day, higher than in many other cities. What also attracted the Littles was black Milwaukee’s robust entrepreneurship and racial solidarity. There were a good number of black-owned restaurants, funeral parlors, boardinghouses, and hotels; many proprietors saw their entrepreneurial efforts as realizing “the dream of a black city within the city.”
Though relations between Garvey and the national NAACP leadership were cold, if not frequently antagonistic, on the local level chapters of both groups often found themselves on the same side of issues and were open to collaboration. Despite their differing visions for the future of race relations, both could agree on the immediate need for less racial violence and more black jobs. In 1922, for instance, the local Milwaukee UNIA had drafted a resolution, endorsed by the NAACP, opposing the employment of blacks as strikebreakers on local railroads, aimed at preventing racial strife between striking workers. That year, the UNIA chapter claimed one hundred members; by the early 1930s more than four hundred had joined. This success was due largely to the efforts of a local clergyman, the Reverend Ernest Bland, under whose leadership the local UNIA pursued a strategy to appeal to low-income black workers, holding parades and cultural events and opening its own Liberty Hall. Many Milwaukee UNIA leaders also became Socialist Party activists; unlike at the national level, they frequently participated in civil rights protests and campaigns to elevate African Americans to elective office. Earl Little was involved
Download
Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention by Manning Marable.mobi
This site does not store any files on its server. We only index and link to content provided by other sites. Please contact the content providers to delete copyright contents if any and email us, we'll remove relevant links or contents immediately.
African-American Studies | Asian American Studies |
Disabled | Ethnic Studies |
Hispanic American Studies | LGBT |
Minority Studies | Native American Studies |
Cecilia; Or, Memoirs of an Heiress — Volume 1 by Fanny Burney(32029)
Cecilia; Or, Memoirs of an Heiress — Volume 3 by Fanny Burney(31441)
Cecilia; Or, Memoirs of an Heiress — Volume 2 by Fanny Burney(31391)
The Great Music City by Andrea Baker(30763)
We're Going to Need More Wine by Gabrielle Union(18613)
All the Missing Girls by Megan Miranda(14638)
Pimp by Iceberg Slim(13759)
Bombshells: Glamour Girls of a Lifetime by Sullivan Steve(13670)
Fifty Shades Freed by E L James(12893)
Talking to Strangers by Malcolm Gladwell(12837)
Norse Mythology by Gaiman Neil(12796)
For the Love of Europe by Rick Steves(11345)
Crazy Rich Asians by Kevin Kwan(8868)
Mindhunter: Inside the FBI's Elite Serial Crime Unit by John E. Douglas & Mark Olshaker(8674)
The Lost Art of Listening by Michael P. Nichols(7142)
Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress by Steven Pinker(6858)
The Four Agreements by Don Miguel Ruiz(6299)
Bad Blood by John Carreyrou(6260)
Weapons of Math Destruction by Cathy O'Neil(5805)
